![]() In finite terms, these early defensive structures in Europe were a result of foreign invaders traveling into new lands and wishing to keep their conquered possessions secure by having safe bases of operation where soldiers could quickly respond to uprisings and enemy campaigns. Even some famous medieval cities originally grew up within Roman walls. While Western Rome was declining during the Migration Period of the Early Middle Ages, many of the forts and stone walls the Romans had built in Europe remained intact, and most of them were repurposed by Celtic and Germanic peoples. Such structures included walled barracks for the armies to sleep in and watchtowers known as burgus for defending roads and bridges, precursors to the Scottish pele which encompassed the border ‘twixt Scotland and England during the time of Robert the Bruce. In Late Antiquity, the Romans were masters of building defensive structures within several days while on campaign in Gaul and the British Isles. This is because the defensive capabilities of the castle were its main reason for existing, and the castle needed to keep up with siege-craft technology which was evolving just as rapidly throughout the medieval period. The hardcover binding seems to be of poor quality, opening the pages too wide would crack the glue of the binding.Castles throughout the Middle Ages went through immense evolution, especially their defensive structures. The paper quality is of rather mediocre quality, not terrible but mediocre. The interior handdrawn illustrations of the castles were poorly drawn, most looking like ten minute sketches, hardly worthy of the good writing in this volume. The volume could have been better edited and checked for such glaring errors. There were also inconsistencies in the spelling, "Hospitaller" and "Hospitaler". The numerous layout diagrams of the castles were also missing captions for various numbered items and in certain diagrams, some sequenced numbers were missing. The Da Capo edition is marred by poor photos, the black and white photos were mostly far too dark to distinguish the details and as such were mostly worthless in a volume that is full of photos and illustrations. The appendices include a listing of the builders and architects of the fortications, a chronology of sieges and a short history of medieval artillery. The book is divided into the following sections, the elements of medieval fortifications, the early fortifications, the age of castles, the decline of high castle walls and finally the medieval castles and fortifications in various political entities and regions, from England to North Africa. This is an excellent volume that examines castles, forts and walled cities during the Middle Ages and as such the older fortifications of the classical world is not within its remit. I bought this excellent volume more than two decades ago and I finally got down to reading it and I finished it. Over a hundred photographs and 150 extraordinarily detailed technical drawings accompany the main text, which also takes an in-depth look at representative castles of each major type. ![]() Also receiving extensive coverage are the weapons and equipment of garrisons and besieging troops. The Medieval Fortress covers the origin and evolution of the castles and other walled defenses, their major components, and the reasons for their eventual decline, which was not solely due to the introduction of gunpowder. Detailed coverage is given for castles in the British Isles, France, Germany, Moorish Spain, and as far east as Poland and Russia, as well as Muslim and Crusader castles in the Middle East. They reveal how the medieval fortress combined both Roman and barbarian features, with some influences from as far away as China. Kaufmann and technical artist Robert Jurga (authors of the acclaimed Fortress European Fortifications of World War II ) have once again combined European sources and personal observations to present a unique portrait of military architecture. The general public is largely unaware of just how many castles survive today or over how wide an area of Europe and the Middle East they are to be found.Fortifications specialist J.E. The castles of the Medieval world continue to interest readers, both as architectural wonders and because of their dramatic role in world history.
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